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ENGL 101 Mindtap week 2 assignment solutions complete answers
ENGL 101 Mindtap week 2 assignment solutions complete answers
1 . Reasons for Integrating Sources
Integrating sources is an important way to provide evidence to support your ideas. The following table outlines common reasons (right and wrong) for integrating source material into your writing.
Reasons for Integrating Source Material into Your Writing
Right Reason 1: Development
Use source material to further develop your point. Source material that is carefully chosen and integrated into your prose can strengthen the point you want to make.
Right Reason 2: Credibility
Evidence such as data, facts, statistics, and carefully chosen quotations from experts in the field provide concrete proof of and lend credibility to your ideas. Source material tells your reader, “See? Here’s proof of my point.”
Right Reason 3: Reader Interest
Source material such as specific examples, observations, studies, anecdotes, or illustrations can help bring life to your ideas.
See the following examples of a “dropped” quotation and an improperly punctuated quotation. Then review the revisions.
Introducing Quotations
Don’t: Richard Friedman wrote an article called “A Natural Fix for A.D.H.D.” He makes several arguments, one which claims that A.D.H.D. is not what society understands it to be. “In short, people with A.D.H.D. may not have a disease, so much as a set of behavioral traits that don’t match the expectations of our contemporary culture” (para. 3).
(Note: Here, the quotation is simply dropped into the paragraph without being introduced into the writer’s own material.)
Do: In his article, “A Natural Fix for A.D.H.D.,” Richard Friedman argues that “people with A.D.H.D. may not have a disease, so much as a set of behavioral traits that don’t match the expectations of our contemporary culture” (para. 3).
(Note: “In his article, ‘A Natural Fix for A.D.H.D.,’ Richard Friedman argues” introduces the quotation.)
Source: Friedman, Richard. “A Natural Fix for A.D.H.D.” New York Times, 31 Oct. 2014, www.nytimes.com/2014/11/02/opinion/sunday/a-natural-fix-for-adhd.html.
Punctuating Quotations
Don’t: A technology company in Wisconsin will soon be offering microchips to its employees, which can be implanted voluntarily and give workers the option to “easily pay for items, access the building and their computers all with a scan of their hand (Bowerman, para. 4).”
(Note: Here, the citation and end punctuation are improperly placed within the quotation marks.)
Do: A technology company in Wisconsin will soon be offering microchips to its employees, which can be implanted voluntarily and give workers the option to “easily pay for items, access the building and their computers all with a scan of their hand” (Bowerman, para. 4).
(Note: Here, the citation and end punctuation are placed correctly outside of the end quotation mark.)
Source: Bowerman, Mary. “Wisconsin Company to Install Rice-sized Microchips in Employees” USA Today, 24 July 2017, www.usatoday.com/story/tech/nation-now/2017/07/24/wisconsin-company-install-rice-sized-microchips-employees/503867001/.
Directions: Read the following passage and consider the ways in which the writer has integrated evidence. Then use the dropdown menus to complete the statements about the passage.
¹Snoring has long been considered an irritating but benign habit. ²However, “even isolated snoring might not be harmless,” according to new research reported in the New York Times article “Snoring: A New Tip-Off to Stroke” (Haiken). ³The American Academy of Head and Neck Surgery defines snoring as “what you hear as a result of a form of blockage that obstructs the flow of air through the mouth or nose. The blockage causes the tissues of the airway to vibrate and flap.” ⁴However, it is not the vibration and flapping of airway tissues that makes Henry Ford Hospital researchers Robert Deeb, MD, and Karen Yaremchuk, MD, so concerned. ⁵“Snoring can reveal damage to the carotid arteries—the arteries that supply oxygen-rich blood to the brain.” ⁶In their study, Deeb and Yaremchuk found that the damage to the carotid arteries could be due to the trauma and inflammation caused by the vibrations of snoring. ⁷Deeb said that snorers should seek treatment since they could be at risk for coronary artery diseases. ⁸Deeb said, “Patients need to seek treatment in the same way they would if they had sleep apnea, high blood pressure or other risk factors for cardiovascular disease.” ⁹Early detection of cardiovascular disease indicated by snoring can lead people toward an earlier diagnosis and treatment of heart disease. ¹ºDeeb said, “Snoring is generally regarded as a cosmetic issue by health insurance, requiring significant out-of-pocket expenses by patients. We’re hoping to change that thinking so patients can get the early treatment they need, before more serious health issues arise” (Haiken).
Sources: “Don’t Ignore the Snore: Snoring May Be Early Sign of Future Health Risks.” Science Daily. 24 Jan. 2013, www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/01/130124122741.htm.; Haiken, Melanie. “Snoring: A New Tip-Off to Stroke and Heart Disease.” Forbes. 28 Jan. 2013, www.forbes.com/sites/melaniehaiken/2013/01/28/snoring-is-a-tip-off-to-stroke-and-heart-disease-new-research-shows/#20840ddc198e.
²[This sentence] a direct quotation.
³[This sentence] a direct quotation.
⁵[This sentence] a direct quotation.
¹º[This sentence] a direct quotation.
Wrong Reason 1: To Replace Your Own Ideas
Do not rely on source material to take the place of your own point of view. Use outside sources carefully to back up and provide evidence of your own ideas, thoughts, and claims.
Wrong Reason 2: To Lengthen Your Paper
Avoid overusing or misusing direct quotations or using quotes merely to fill up space in your paper. Quotes are best used only when they express an idea in a remarkable way. If the language in a quotation is unremarkable or ordinary, try paraphrasing the material instead.
Wrong Reason 3: To Avoid Writing
The writing process can be daunting, but this is no excuse to fill up your paper with outside data. Readers (and your professor) do not want to read a collection of data from other writers; they want to hear what you have to say! Avoid stringing sources together, one after another, in your paper. Instead, use source material strategically to back up your claims, analyses, and ideas. Explain to readers how and why the chosen sources support or refute your claims. Write lead-ins or incorporate speech tags for direct quotations (instead of merely dropping them into your prose). Successful writers also vary their sentence pattern and punctuate quotations correctly.
See the following examples of a “dropped” quotation and an improperly punctuated quotation. Then review the revisions.
¹Have you noticed that your grandparents tend to forget things more often than you do? ²The New York Times article “Aging in Brain Found to Hurt Sleep Needed for Memory” by Benedict Carey explains, “Scientists have known for decades that the ability to remember . . . declines with age.” ³However, a new answer has emerged as to why this occurs. ⁴“The prefrontal cortex tends to lose volume with age, and that part of this region helps sustain quality sleep, which is critical to consolidating new memories” (Carey). ⁵University of California researchers have performed experiments to see how to improve the deep, slow-wave phase of sleep. ⁶“The brain moves memories from temporary to longer-term storage during this deep sleep” (Carey). ⁷However, how can older people improve the duration and quality of their sleep? ⁸By placing electrodes on the scalp, researchers have mimicked high-quality slow waves. ⁹According to Matthew Walker, one of the sleep study’s authors, “What we have discovered is a dysfunctional pathway that helps explain the relationship between brain deterioration, sleep disruption and memory loss as we get older—and with that, a potentially new treatment avenue (Woodard)”. ¹ºHowever, a person doesn’t need to go to bed with electrodes on his or her scalp to get good sleep.
Sources: Carey, Benedict. “Aging in Brain Found to Hurt Sleep Needed for Memory.” The New York Times. 27 Jan. 2013, www.nytimes.com/2013/01/28/health/brain-aging-linked-to-sleep-related-memory-decline.html.; Woodard, L. L. “Study: Poor Sleep Affects Memory in Baby Boomers, Seniors.” Yahoo! News. 28 Jan. 2013, www.yahoo.com/news/.
²[This sentence] a direct quotation.
⁴[This sentence] a direct quotation.
⁶[This sentence] a direct quotation.
⁹[This sentence] a direct quotation.
¹When sleepwalking combines with binge eating, a condition called sleepeating occurs. ²According to Dr. John W. Winkelman, medical director of the Sleep Health Center of Brigham and Women’s Hospital, sleepeaters can raid the fridge and cabinets “up to five times a night” (Epstein). ³According to Winkelman, sleepeaters tend to binge on junk food or, in extreme cases, nail polish or paper (Epstein). ⁴According to the American Sleep Association’s website, the incidents of sleepeating “usually occur regardless of possessing any actual feelings of hunger or thirst detected by the brain.” ⁵In fact, researchers are unclear what triggers sleepeaters but suspect that it is related to dieting, anorexia, or stress (American Sleep Association). ⁶Although researchers are unclear as to the causes of sleepeating, the unfortunate results of these nocturnal binges are clear: black eyes from walking into walls, dental problems from eating frozen food, hand cuts from the kitchen knife, and, of course, weight gain (Epstein). ⁷Treating sleepeating is difficult, Dr. Winkelman explains, because doctors still don’t understand what happens in the brain during sleep. ⁸Dr. Winkelman explains, “Sleep is not the absence of wake. Your brain is active all night long (Epstein).” ⁹During sleep, the brain is producing delta waves, muscles might experience hypnic myoclonia, and neurotransmitters send signals to reduce serotonin and norepinephrine that keep some parts of the brain active while we are awake (American Sleep Association). ¹º“People think wake is like a room with the lights on and sleep is like the same room in the dark, but in the darkness a lot is going on” (Epstein).
Sources: “Sleepeating.” American Sleep Association. n.d.,www.sleepassociation.org/patients-general-public/sleep-eating/.; Epstein, Randi Hutter. “Raiding the Refrigerator, but Still Asleep.” The New York Times. 7 Apr. 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/07/health/07eating.html.
²[This sentence] a direct quotation.
⁴[This sentence] a direct quotation.
⁸[This sentence] a direct quotation.
¹º[This sentence] a direct quotation.
2 . Using SupportingIdeas in an Essay
Read the thesis statement, and answer the question that follows.
Though the Titan, Goliath, and Hercules are all giant beetle species, they each have characteristics that make them special in their own ways.
Source: “The World’s Biggest Bugs.” Museum of Unnatural History, www.unmuseum.org/big_bugs.htm.
Which of the following topic sentences support the thesis? Check all that apply.
Directions: Read the body paragraph, and answer the questions that follow.
Which sentence is a major supporting idea?
Which sentence is a minor supporting idea?
The Titan, Goliath, and Hercules species of beetle share the distinction of immense size, but each has its own unique qualities that set it apart.
Source: “Biggest Bug: Goliath Beetle.” Extreme Science, www.extremescience.com/biggest-bug.htm.
The Titan beetle, the Goliath beetle, and the Hercules beetle are known for their massive size, but each species has a unique feature that distinguishes it from the others.
Source: Porter, Jessica. “Smithsonian Snapshot: Titan Beetle.” Newsdesk: Newsroom of the Smithsonian, newsdesk.si.edu/snapshot/titan-beetle.
3 . Quoting
Over the course of your college career, many of your instructors will require that you use professional sources in your research papers and essays. If, for instance, you choose to write a research paper on the effects of a high-carbohydrate diet, your nutrition instructor will expect to see quotations from experts on that subject. You might quote an article written by a famous doctor or a book authored by a nutritionist.
To learn more about quotations, read the information that follows.
Using Quotations
When you use an outside source to write a paper, you will probably want to quote the source to contribute to your argument. You may use a quotation to stress a key idea, to contribute an expert opinion to your argument, to provide a catchy hook in your introduction or conclusion, or to add interest to your topic. Quotations should be short, and you must always give credit to the original writer to avoid plagiarism. You may introduce quotations with phrases such as “Ms. Taylor writes, . . .”; “According to Professor Fumerton, . . .”; or “In his recent editorial in the Globe, James Carroll suggests: . . .”
Directions: Read each quotation in the following table and determine whether it is an indirect quotation or a direct quotation.
Quotation
Indirect
Direct
Championship gymnast Lien Mai states, “America has some of the best athletes in the world.”
My grandmother tells me that her childhood in Poland during World War II was heartbreaking.
Dr. Verghese says that physicians need to focus more on physical exams and less on technology.
Actress Jenny McCarthy states that vaccinations cause children to develop autism.
According to sociologist Anne Marks, “Deviant behavior is not always negative; it’s just different.”
Directions: Read the following scenario and use the dropdown menus to select which type of quotation would work best for this student’s paper and why.
“I’m writing a research paper for my astronomy class about new developments in the study of black holes, and I want to quote an article I read by intellectual powerhouse Stephen Hawking. I’m not sure if I should directly quote important statements in the article or if I should indirectly quote the main points. What type of quotation is best in this case?”
This student should use because Stephen Hawking is an expert on black holes, and his exact words.
An indirect quotation expresses the meaning of someone else’s words without using that person’s exact language or quotation marks. You might choose to quote indirectly when the original writer uses difficult language or is especially wordy. Indirect quotations are often introduced with the word that. An indirect quotation is the same as a paraphrase, and, as with any paraphrase, don’t forget to provide the author and title.
Example: Julia Whitty writes in “The Last Taboo” that although India has recently experienced economic growth, most Indians do not enjoy the benefits of progress: more than half of Indian citizens live in poverty.
Quotation
Indirect
Direct
Ms. Patel says, “Computer programming is not as complicated as it seems at first.”
Diego Garcia, spelling bee champion, says that winning is the best feeling in the world.
Corporate executive Jim Davis states, “Marketing is extremely important in business.”
Actor Tom Cruise tells his fans that antidepressant medications are unhealthy.
Professional editor Greg Everitt says, “The Oxford comma will never be obsolete!”
“I’m writing a personal essay about outdoor activities for my creative writing class, and I want to include one quotation per paragraph for each activity. I’ve chosen to use information from a three-hour talk I had with my neighbor about ice fishing. I’m not sure if I should directly quote the whole conversation or if I should indirectly quote the main points. What type of quotation is best in this case?”
This student should use because every word of the conversation he had with his neighbor is .
A direct quotation is the use of someone else’s exact words. You may choose to use a direct quotation in an essay or research paper if the original writer’s words are particularly powerful.
How do I punctuate a direct quotation?
Place quotation marks at the beginning and end of the other person’s words to indicate where the quotation begins and ends. If the original writer uses special punctuation (such as a question mark or an exclamation point), be sure to include it within the quotation marks. Also, give the name of the original writer and the title of the text.
Example: “India’s economic boom has surged past most Indians, leaving 53% in poverty, according to the calculations of one Indian government commission,” reports Julia Whitty in “The Last Taboo.”
Quotation
Indirect
Direct
Dr. Martin Sandberg states that gallbladder operations are becoming more and more common.
Landscape architect Mary Vu says that cacti are a staple of any desert garden.
Professor Brundage states, “When it comes to grammar, there are exceptions to every rule.”
Chef Francois says that pasta should always be cooked al dente, with just a bit of crunch.
According to Dr. Willcox, “Car engines that run on alternative fuels are the future.”
“I’m writing a literary analysis of ‘The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock’ by T. S. Eliot for my poetry class, and I have to include quotations. I’m not sure if I should directly quote lines from the poem or if I should indirectly quote the main points. What type of quotation is best in this case?”
This student should use because his readers .
4 . Integrating Quotations
When you want to use information from a source, you have the choice of quoting it directly or putting it into your own words. The latter is called paraphrasing. Here are the general rules to follow for using a direct quotation:
1.
Use a direct quotation only when it will make a difference, that is, the language is precise or striking, or you want to refer to the language specifically in your own elaboration.
2.
Use introductory or signal phrases to lead your reader into the quote, such as:
Hemingway is best known for his stark prose with sentences like “. . . .”
In his bestselling book, Dr. Brenner argues, “. . . .”
As the research suggests, “. . . .”
3.
Format the quotation properly, and include the in-text citation:
•
If the quotation is less than or equal to four lines (or 40 words in APA), then use double quotation marks. Close the quotation after the text and before the citation reference, like this:
According to their research, sleepeaters might eat “up to five times a night” (Epstein).
•
If the quotation is more than four lines (or 40 words), then use a block quotation after a colon; indent the complete quotation and do NOT use quotation marks. Note that in a block quotation, the citation reference, in parentheses, goes after the punctuation mark.
Remember, with either quotation marks or a block quotation, you must copy the source text exactly as it is in the original.
Read the passage from a student essay below and consider how the student has used direct quotations. Ask yourself: Does the student use a quotation only when necessary, or are quotations overused? Does the student provide a proper lead-in to the quote, and is the lead-in language varied? Is the quotation properly punctuated? Then complete the statements about his passage using the fill-in dropdown menu.
(1) Have you noticed that your grandparents tend to forget things more often than you do? (2) The New York Times article "Aging in Brain Found to Hurt Sleep Needed for Memory" by Benedict Carey explains, "Scientists have known for decades that the ability to remember . . . declines with age." (3) However, a new answer has emerged as to why this occurs. (4) "The prefrontal cortex tends to lose volume with age, and that part of this region helps sustain quality sleep, which is critical to consolidating new memories" (Carey). (5) University of California researchers have performed experiments to see how to improve the deep, slow-wave phase of sleep. (6) "The brain moves memories from temporary to longer-term storage during this deep sleep" (Carey). (7) However, how can older people improve the duration and quality of their sleep? (8) By placing electrodes on the scalp, researchers have mimicked high-quality slow waves. (9) According to Matthew Walker, one of the sleep study's authors, "What we have discovered is a dysfunctional pathway that helps explain the relationship between brain deterioration, sleep disruption and memory loss as we get older—and with that, a potentially new treatment avenue (Anwar)". (10) However, a person doesn't need to go to bed with electrodes on his or her scalp to get good sleep. (11) Exercising and cutting out caffeine can also help to stimulate quality deep sleep that helps the brain to save memories.
Sources: Carey, Benedict. "Aging in Brain Found to Hurt Sleep Needed for Memory." The New York Times, 27 Jan. 2013, www.nytimes.com/2013/01/28/health/brain-aging-linked-to-sleep-related-memory-decline.html?_r=0; Anwar, Yasmin. “Poor Sleep in Old Age Prevents the Brain from Storing Memories.” UC Berkeley News, 28 Jan. 2013, news.berkeley.edu/2013/01/28/sleep-memory/.
Sentence (2) a direct quotation.
Sentence (4) a direct quotation.
Sentence (6) a direct quotation.
Sentence (9) a direct quotation.
Sentence (2) a direct quotation.
Sentence (3) a direct quotation.
Sentence (5) a direct quotation.
Sentence (10) a direct quotation.
(1) When sleepwalking combines with binge eating, a condition called sleepeating occurs. (2) According to Dr. John W. Winkelman, medical director of the Sleep Health Center of Brigham and Women's Hospital, sleepeaters can raid the fridge and cabinets "up to five times a night" (Epstein). (3) According to Winkelman, sleepeaters tend to binge on junk food, or, in extreme cases, nail polish or paper (Epstein). (4) According to the American Sleep Association's website, the incidents of sleepeating "usually occur regardless of possessing any actual feelings of hunger or thirst detected by the brain." (5) In fact, researchers are unclear what triggers sleepeaters but suspect that it is related to dieting, anorexia, or stress (American Sleep Association). (6) Although researchers are unclear as to the causes of sleepeating, the unfortunate results of these nocturnal binges are clear: black eyes from walking into walls, dental problems from eating frozen food, hand cuts from the kitchen knife, and, of course, weight gain (Epstein). (7) Treating sleepeating is difficult, Dr. Winkelman explains, because doctors still don't understand what happens in the brain during sleep. (8) Dr. Winkelman explains, "Sleep is not the absence of wake. Your brain is active all night long (Epstein)." (9) During sleep, the brain is producing delta waves, muscles might experience hypnic myoclonia, and neurotransmitters send signals to reduce serotonin and norepinephrine that keep some parts of the brain active while we are awake (American Sleep Association). (10) "People think wake is like a room with the lights on and sleep is like the same room in the dark, but in the darkness a lot is going on" (Epstein).
Source: “Sleep Eating.” American Sleep Association, Sept. 2007, www.sleepassociation.org/patients-general-public/sleep-eating/; Epstein, Randi Hutter. “Raiding the Refrigerator, but Still Asleep.” The New York Times, 7 Apr. 2010, www.nytimes.com/2010/04/07/health/07eating.html.
Sentence (2) a direct quotation.
Sentence (4) a direct quotation.
Sentence (8) a direct quotation.
Sentence (10) a direct quotation.
5 . When to Use Quotation Marks
When writing a title of a work (other than your own essay), be sure to properly incorporate quotation marks when needed. Some titles require them, while others do not. Short titles, for example, such as story, essay, poem, or song, should always appear in quotation marks. Titles of longer works, such as books or magazines, should be italicized. See below for a list of examples.
Short Titles
Long Titles
“The Story of an Hour” by Kate Chopin
Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone
“Rip Van Winkle” by Washington Irving
Better Homes and Gardens
“Paradise Lost” by John Milton
The Journal of Philosophy
“Leaves of Grass” by Walt Whitman
Rolling Stone
“A New Silk Road” by Davide Monteleon
The New York Times
“The Sound of Silence” by Marks, Kendra, et al.
National Geographic
“Yellow Submarine” by The Beatles
Pride and Prejudice
If the title of a short story or poem appears in a longer title, use both quotation marks and italics. However, if the title of a short work appears within the title of another short, both double and single quotation marks are required. See below for examples.
Shorter work within a longer work: A Critical Companion to “Beowulf” by Andy Orchard
Shorter work within a shorter work: “On 712 [’Because I could not stop for Death’]” by Allen Tate
Which of the following correctly formats the song or poem title below?
I turned on the radio just in time to hear my favorite song, “Believer,” by Imagine Dragons.
I turned on the radio just in time to hear my favorite song, Believer, by Imagine Dragons.
I turned on the radio just in time to hear my favorite song, ‘Believer,’ by Imagine Dragons.
Which of the following correctly formats the titles shown below?
While doing research for my essay about Henry David Thoreau, I read the article “Diving into Thoreau’s ‘Walden,’” which I found in the Boston Globe.
While doing research for my essay about Henry David Thoreau, I read the article “Diving into Thoreau’s Walden,” which I found in the Boston Globe.
While doing research for my essay about Henry David Thoreau, I read the article ‘Diving into Thoreau’s “Walden,”’ which I found in the Boston Globe.
While doing research for my essay about Henry David Thoreau, I read the article Diving into Thoreau’s Walden, which I found in the “Boston Globe”.
My favorite song is ‘Brown Eyed Girl’ by Van Morrison.
My favorite song is “Brown Eyed Girl” by Van Morrison.
My favorite song is Brown Eyed Girl by Van Morrison.
I recently read a tasty article by Gabriella Gershenson in The Wall Street Journal called “Caesar Salads that Wow: Standout Variations on a Beloved Classic.”
I recently read a tasty article by Gabriella Gershenson in “The Wall Street Journal” called Caesar Salads that Wow: Standout Variations on a Beloved Classic.
I recently read a tasty article by Gabriella Gershenson in ‘The Wall Street Journal’ called “Caesar Salads that Wow: Standout Variations on a Beloved Classic.”
I recently read a tasty article by Gabriella Gershenson in The Wall Street Journal called Caesar Salads that Wow: Standout Variations on a Beloved Classic.
Our English professor assigned us the poem “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock,” along with a short response.
Our English professor assigned us the poem ‘The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock,’ along with a short response.
Our English professor assigned us the poem The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, along with a short response.
In my Sociology of Education class, we read an article called ‘The Search for Innovative Ideas,’ from the open-access journal SAGE Open.
In my Sociology of Education class, we read an article called The Search for Innovative Ideas, from the open-access journal SAGE Open.
In my Sociology of Education class, we read an article called “The Search for Innovative Ideas,” from the open-access journal SAGE Open.
In my Sociology of Education class, we read an article called The Search for Innovative Ideas, from the open-access journal “SAGE Open”.
6 . Using Quotations within Quotations
Although it’s always best to quote from the original source, sometimes this isn’t possible. Sometimes a writer needs to quote a passage from a text that is also quoting another source. In such cases, the reader’s experience is improved by an approach that helps him or her to clearly understand who said what and when. Read the following strategy, and then apply your understanding by answering the following questions.
Quotations within Quotations
Occasionally a writer will ask, “What if I need to put a quotation within a quotation?” In these cases, there is a general rule to follow. Use double (sometimes called traditional) quotation marks for the initial or outer quotation, and use single quotation marks (sometimes called apostrophes) for the quote within the quote. Flip this approach as many times as necessary. Consider this example:
The witness told the police officer, “I was running down the street, and all of a sudden I heard this woman scream, ‘Help! He’s got a knife!’ So I ran over to her, and that’s when I saw him.”
Notice how switching from double quotes to single quotes helps the reader to understand who is speaking in each part of the sentence.
Directions: Each of the following sentences asks you to punctuate a quotation within a quotation. Use the dropdown menu to select the correct option.
The star point guard told the post-game interviewer, a matter of listening to our coach when he says because otherwise we try too hard and end up making
I was talking to my parents, and my father said, to work together next week. Your mother is right when she says and none of us will be happy if we all try to because that will only lead to all of us feeling overwhelmed
Quotations within Quotations
The process of using double quotation marks and then single quotation marks flips back and forth as we add additional speakers or quotable elements. This example has a narrator, a friend named Jennifer, and a character named Jimmy in Jennifer’s book.
We were in the library discussing the reading when Jennifer said, “I can’t stand this book. Especially when Jimmy says, ‘We went to see the film Psycho and had a good laugh.’ Reading this, I couldn’t help but think that I didn’t want to spend any more time with a character who truly enjoys violence.”
Notice how this example flips from double quotes to single quotes and then back to double quotes in order to help the reader understand what the narrator, Jennifer, and Jimmy have each said.
A rumor circulated that town officials planned to tax us by selling resident parking stickers. I couldn’t believe this, so I asked Jim. He said, discussed the possibility at a recent town meeting, and the mayor felt that This was the main reason the board members wanted an My concern was related to timing. I didn’t know how we would have a quick vote and also get a large turnout at the
In his “It’s the Humidity: Global Warming and the New Economy,” Professor Jackson Stone warns us that suggests we are headed for an extended period of extreme weather, and respected scientists like Richard Builder of the National Science Institute have confirmed so we must now find ways to slow this process as we transform our economies in response to the recent economic
In her novel, The Last of Our Line, Gwendolyn Chung takes us inside the home of a family struggling with unspoken challenges of modernity, a state of being that causes the father to shout He’s speaking in a literal way about their one-boat fishing business but also in a larger way, about a world so hastily chasing the needs of corporations and the
In her Pulitzer Prize–winning study of the modern city, Linda Epstein asserts that what amounts to a destructive need to fill our empty spaces with concrete and steel. Like the Joni Mitchell song says, we want to but this constant push to build more every day eventually forces us to do what the artist Larry Chatsworth called It’s time we asked our builders, architects, and city planners to seek ways of carving out more
7 . Incorporating Quotations into Sentences
Not all quotations are the same. Some have special punctuation, and some work best when they’re split into two parts. Each tab in the following table demonstrates a different way to punctuate direct quotations.
Punctuating Quotations
When you include the identity of the person you are quoting within your sentence, you must indicate to your audience which words are yours and which are quoted. Here are two ways you can do this.
Name at the beginning:
Mayor Horowitz said, “This city will be an economic powerhouse under my administration.”
•
Name the person making the statement and then add a comma.
•
Put a space and a quotation mark after the comma, then the quotation.
•
End with a period followed by the ending quotation mark.
Name at the end:
“This city will be an economic powerhouse under my administration,” said Mayor Horowitz.
•
Add a quotation mark followed by the direct quotation.
•
Put a comma at the end of the quotation, then the ending quotation mark.
•
Name the person making the statement followed by a period.
Directions: Review the following unpunctuated direct quotation and answer the question that follows about how to correctly punctuate it.
Economist Tim Silver: It may be years before we begin to see a healthy upswing in the economy.
Which of the following are correctly punctuated versions of the preceding direct quotation? Check all that apply.
“It may be years before we begin to see a healthy upswing in the economy,” writes economist Tim Silver.
Economist Tim Silver states, “It may be years before we begin to see a healthy upswing in the economy.”
It may be years before we begin to see a healthy upswing in the economy according to economist Tim Silver.
Directions: Read the following quotations with special end punctuation and select whether each has been written correctly or incorrectly.
Sylvie asked the class, “Have you finished the writing assignment?”
Has this question been punctuated correctly or incorrectly?
Correctly
Incorrectly
One student yelled from the back of the classroom, “I need another day”!
Has this exclamation been punctuated correctly or incorrectly?
Incorrectly
Correctly
Directions: Read each split quotation in the following table and select whether the punctuation and capitalization are correct or incorrect.
Split Quotation
Correct
Incorrect
“A number of American citizens are calling on President Obama to boycott trade with Japan, writes political scientist Jamal Pitts, until they stop their mass slaughter of dolphins.”
“On the other hand, some people argue that the dolphin hunt is a Japanese cultural tradition,” he goes on to say. “and America should not impose its own belief system.”
“It remains to be seen,” he concludes, “whether the dolphin hunt will continue.”
Punctuating Quotations
A sentence using a direct quotation can end with a period, a question mark, or an exclamation point. A period is always placed inside the ending quotation mark. However, question marks and exclamation points may go either before or after the ending quotation mark, depending on the context of the sentence.
Exclamation point:
The quotation is an exclamation: Bobby screamed, “I won!”
The sentence is an exclamation: Stop saying, “I told you so”!
Question mark:
The quotation is a question: She asked, “Are you telling the truth?”
The sentence is a question: Is it true that Leo said, “I told you so”?
Architect Sunil Raj: The flying buttress was a staple of Gothic architecture.
“The flying buttress was a staple of Gothic architecture,” writes architect Sunil Raj.
According to architect Sunil Raj, “The flying buttress was a staple of Gothic architecture.”
Architect Sunil Raj states “The buttress is a staple of Modern architecture.”
Professor Galvez asked her teaching assistant, “Have you finished grading yesterday’s assignment”?
I was shocked to hear her teaching assistant mumble, “I’ll get to it eventually”!
Split Quotation
Correct
Incorrect
“Many students struggle with reading comprehension,” writes Professor Laura Rokkjaer, “but developmental reading courses can teach them helpful strategies.”
“Some students also find writing difficult,” she goes on to say. “For them, I would recommend an integrated reading and writing course.”
“Asking for extra help from an instructor or tutor.” she assures. “is always a good idea and nothing to feel ashamed of.”
Sometimes a direct quotation may be split into two parts. There are two ways you can do this.
One sentence:
“I prefer rap music,” Randy said, “but I listen to jazz while I study.”
Place a comma at the end of the first portion of quoted material and follow it with a quotation mark. Then, include your own words and another comma. Place a space and a quotation mark after the comma and continue the quotation, making sure that the first word is not capitalized unless it is a proper noun.
Two sentences:
“Please turn the music down,” Mae requested. “It’s way too loud.”
Place a comma at the end of the first portion of quoted material and follow it with a quotation mark. Then, include your own words followed by a period. That is your first sentence. Then, place a quotation mark at the beginning of your next quoted sentence and make sure to capitalize the first word.
Marine biologist Karen Miller: Most species of starfish, or sea stars, are capable of regenerating lost limbs.
“Most species of starfish, or sea stars, are capable of regenerating lost limbs”.
Marine biologist Karen Miller writes, “Most species of starfish, or sea stars, are capable of regenerating lost limbs.”
“Most species of starfish, or sea stars, are capable of regenerating lost limbs,” states marine biologist Karen Miller.
The angry environmental protester smashed the windshield of a large SUV while screaming, “Stop climate change now!”
Has this exclamation been punctuated correctly or incorrectly?
What do environmentalists mean when they say, “Climate change will begin to drastically impact coastal areas?”
Split Quotation
Correct
Incorrect
“Implanting subcutaneous tracking devices in children,” writes Detective Williams. “Can greatly reduce the danger of kidnapping.”
“Unfortunately, some parents are adamantly opposed to such monitoring,” he continues. “Because of this, there may never be an official program.”
“I will not allow my son to be chipped,” states parent Tammy Lee, “he’s a human being, not a pet.”
8 . Paraphrasing
You paraphrase when you restate another writer’s ideas in your own words. Why paraphrase instead of simply quoting your source? Some writers use very complicated language and sentence structure. If you’d like to use a particular writer’s ideas but fear that they may be too difficult for your audience to understand, you might choose to paraphrase. That way, you can simplify the text by putting it into language that your readers can easily comprehend. Paraphrasing can also be a good way to show yourself and your audience that you truly understand the source you are referencing. Only a proper understanding can produce an accurate paraphrase.
A well-written paraphrase:
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Uses only your own words
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Avoids plagiarism by giving credit to the original author
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Includes both major and minor details from the original passage
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Is approximately the same length as the original passage
To see an example of the paraphrase-writing process, read the information that follows.
How to Paraphrase
Read the original passage.
“Safeguard Your Property While Protecting the Environment,” by Becky Porter
Barnacles are clinging crustaceans that attach themselves, sometimes in the thousands, to the undersides of boats. All that extra weight can greatly reduce a sea vessel’s performance and lead to increased fuel consumption. Most often, boat owners use a special anti-barnacle paint that contains high levels of copper. Unfortunately, the copper and other chemicals in this type of paint are toxic to most forms of sea life. In the 1990s, an American sailor invented a chili pepper-based marine paint that repels barnacles without toxic consequences. It is a green alternative that keeps marine creatures safe while protecting vessels of all shapes and sizes.
Source: Koerth-Baker, Maggie. “The Science of Spicy.” Mental_Floss. Sept.–Oct. 2008: n. pag. Neatorama. Web. 30 Dec. 2011.
Directions: Read the following paragraph and select the best paraphrase from the dropdown menu. Then identify the qualities of that paraphrase.
Kombai Culture
By Eder Pires
The Kombai, a Melanesian tribe of tree dwellers from Western New Guinea, have what some would consider unusual cultural practices. For instance, in Kombai culture, pigs are a form of currency, used to pay for goods and settle debts. Yet another unique element of the Kombai culture is their practice of sacrificing pigs to settle arguments within the tribe. The pig’s legs are tied together and it is taken to a riverbank where it is shot with arrows. The animal is skinned, and its fat is offered to the Kombai god, Refafu.
Source: “World’s Lost Tribes - Kombai Facts.” Discovery Channel. Discovery Communications, 2010, https://press.discovery.com/emea/wrld/programs/worlds-lost-tribes/.
Paraphrase 1
Paraphrase 2
The Kombai are a Melanesian tribal people from Western New Guinea. They have weird cultural practices. Pigs are used to pay any debt that might have caused an argument. Pigs are also used to buy and sell things. The Kombai kill pigs by a river and offer their skin to a god called Refafu. The pig is shot with arrows, and its feet are tied together. These cultural practices are odd and violent.
In the article “Kombai Culture,” Eder Pires states that the Kombai, a tree-dwelling Melanesian tribe from New Guinea, have certain cultural practices that some might think are strange. The Kombai use pigs as money to buy and sell things. They often resolve conflicts by killing a pig. The tribe take the pig to a river, where its legs are tied, and shoot it with arrows. They skin the pig and offer its fat to their god Refafu.
The best paraphrase is because it has the following qualities. Check all that apply.
It identifies the writer of the original article and gives the title of the piece.
It is significantly longer than the original.
It includes the major and minor supporting details.
It uses the original writer’s words and sentence structure.
It does not include personal comments or interpretations.
According to journalist Becky Porter in her article “Safeguard Your Property While Protecting the Environment,” barnacles are clinging crustaceans that attach themselves, sometimes in the thousands, to the undersides of boats. Because they are so heavy, they can affect the way a boat operates and can even cause it to use more gasoline than necessary. Using so much extra fuel probably makes boating too expensive for average people. A popular way for sailors to get rid of barnacles is to use a special anti-barnacle paint that contains high levels of copper. Using this paint is irresponsible because it kills marine animals. More than twenty years ago, an American sailor found a green alternative to this toxic paint. His paint uses chili peppers to repel barnacles. The chili pepper paint is not dangerous to the environment, but it is still effective in keeping boats barnacle-free.
It uses wording and sentence structure identical to the original.
It does not mention the original writer.
It includes the major and minor supporting details.
It puts the original writer’s ideas into new words that express similar concepts.
It is the same length as the original.
The Sentinelese People
By Albert Darvesh
A small amount of information exists about the Sentinelese tribe. Researchers do know that they are one of the indigenous peoples of the Andaman Islands located in the Bay of Bengal. The present population of the tribe has been estimated at anywhere from 40 to 500. They are a hunter-gatherer society and obtain food and necessities by hunting, fishing, and collecting wild plants. The Sentinelese are reclusive, prefer to live in solitude, and they resist any outside contact—sometimes violently. Consequently, researchers are unable to gain adequate access to the Sentinelese and little credible research exists.
Source: “The Most Isolated Tribe in the World?” Survival. Survival Intl., n.d., http://www.survivalinternational.org/campaigns/mostisolated.
Paraphrase 1
Paraphrase 2
According to Albert Darvesh in his article “The Sentinelese People,” there is very little documented information on the Sentinelese tribe beyond some basic facts: They live on the Andaman Islands in the Bay of Bengal, the tribe numbers between 40 and 500, they are hunter-gatherers, and they are solitary. Because they keep isolated from the outside world, even opposing interaction with violence, researchers are unable to learn more about this tribe.
Scientist Albert Darvesh says there is little known about the Sentinelese, a tribe of primitive, barbaric islanders who rely on hunting and gathering for their food and live on the island of Bengal. The tribe is violent toward outsiders, and they fish and collect wild plants to eat. Researchers are scared of this tribe because of their violent reputation.
It is the same length as the original.
It includes the name of the writer and the title of the original.
It is significantly shorter than the original.
It uses different wording and sentence structure while communicating the same point.
It uses wording and sentence structure identical to the original.
10 . Summarizing
11 . Writing a Summary
A summary is very similar to a paraphrase in that it should reflect the original text accurately in content, point of view, and tone. The main difference is that a summary is concise; it is not as long as the original text (like a paraphrase might be) because minor details are left out. Guidelines for summarizing are:
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Use your own words and style, but keep the original tone and point of view, and make sure you are representing the author’s meaning precisely.
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Relatedly, do NOT add your opinion within the paraphrase.
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Include the main idea and only the most important supporting details.
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Acknowledge the source in the text and provide an in-text citation.
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If helpful, use a direct quotation in your summary, but use it sparingly.
Read the sample article below and then answer the questions.
Food Miles: Your Food, Your Health, and the Climate
By Ted Carmichael
(1) Many people are surprised to learn that much of the food they buy at the grocery store does not come from a farmer's field just down the road. Today, the typical American meal contains ingredients from at least five countries outside the United States and travels an average of 1,500 "food miles" to get on consumers' plates. And most people fail to realize that the distance food travels has serious consequences for the climate and personal health.
(2) The manner in which food is imported into the United States significantly affects the climate of the planet. Foods from overseas travel several hundred food miles via several modes of transportation, each one increasing air pollution levels. For example, in 2005, the import of fruits, nuts, and vegetables into the state of California by airplane released more than 70,000 tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, the equivalent of having 12,000 cars on the road.
(3) By increasing the levels of pollution in the atmosphere, food imports also negatively impact human health. Numerous pollution studies have found that asthma rates are higher in areas close to transportation facilities. The higher levels of pollution near truck thoroughfares, seaports, and air terminals are directly linked to increased asthma cases.
Source: “Food Miles: How Far Your Food Travels Has Serious Consequences for Your Health and the Climate.” Natural Resources Defense Council, Nov. 2007, food-hub.org/files/resources/Food%20Miles.pdf.
What is the main idea of the passage?
Most foods are imported, which leads to air pollution and climate problems.
Food miles seriously impact personal health and the climate of the planet.
Most foods travel an average of 1,500 miles to get to consumers' plates.
Identify the major supporting details from the passage. Check all that apply.
Many people are surprised to learn that much of the food they buy at the grocery store does not come from a farmer's field just down the road.
The higher levels of pollution near truck thoroughfares, seaports, and air terminals are directly linked to increased asthma cases.
Foods from overseas travel several hundred food miles via several modes of transportation, each one increasing air pollution levels.
By increasing the levels of pollution in the atmosphere, food imports also negatively impact human health.
Read both summaries, and select the best one.
Summary A
According to Ted Carmichael in his article entitled "Food Miles: Your Food, Your Health, and the Climate," the distance that food travels has a negative impact on human health and the climate of the planet. Foods from overseas are transported an average of 1,500 miles to reach our tables; this travel increases air pollution. By increasing the levels of pollution in the atmosphere, food imports also negatively impact human health because air pollution leads to asthma.
Summary B
The distance that food travels has a negative impact on human health. Foods from overseas travel several hundred miles on average, which increases air pollution. In 2005 alone, the import of fruits, nuts, and vegetables by airplane into the state of California released an estimated 70,000 tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
The best summary of the passage is .
In 1971, criminal D. B. Cooper hijacked a commercial airliner and secured a $200,000 ransom before parachuting out of the plane.
Because D. B. Cooper asked for four parachutes along with $200,000 in ransom money, he escaped before police could capture him.
A famous mystery involves a citizen who hijacked a commercial airliner and held passengers and crew hostage for three hours.
Identify the major supporting details from the passage. Check all that apply.
D. B. Cooper hijacked the commercial flight shortly after takeoff.
The pilot of the hijacked airliner circled Seattle for two hours while police and FBI agents on the ground assembled Cooper's loot.
At 5:45 p.m., the plane landed safely in Seattle where the hijacker's demands were delivered.
In a span of three hours, D. B. Cooper secured his demands and parachuted into history.
D. B. Cooper: Legendary Skyjacker
By Franz Korn
(1) D. B. Cooper is the name given to an unidentified man who hijacked a commercial jetliner in the airspace between Portland, Oregon, and Seattle, Washington, in November 1971. Cooper extorted the U.S. government for $200,000 in ransom and parachuted out of the plane to an unknown fate.
(2) D. B. Cooper hijacked the commercial flight shortly after takeoff. Cooper rose from his seat in the last row of the airliner and handed a flight attendant a note stating that he had a bomb on board. The brazen criminal threatened to blow up the 727 if his demands ($200,000 in cash and four parachutes) were not met when the plane landed.
(3) In a span of three hours, D. B. Cooper secured his demands and parachuted into history. The pilot of the hijacked airliner circled Seattle for two hours while police and FBI agents on the ground assembled Cooper's loot. At 5:45 p.m., the plane landed safely in Seattle, where the hijacker's demands were delivered. Cooper then permitted the passengers and a senior flight attendant to leave the plane. The plane then took off again with plans to fly Cooper to Mexico City. Instead, once the plane was airborne, Cooper opened the rear door of the plane and parachuted out, the ransom money strapped to his chest.
Source: Gray, Geoffrey. “Unmasking D.B. Cooper.” New York, 21 Oct. 2007, nymag.com/news/features/39593.
Summary A
In "D. B. Cooper: Legendary Skyjacker," Franz Korn states that, in 1971, a man identifying himself as D. B. Cooper hijacked an airliner and extorted a great sum of ransom money before parachuting out of the commercial plane. The event unfolded in the skies above Oregon and Washington. Cooper's well-planned crime went unpunished as the hijacker was able to secure his demanded ransom and disappear into history.
Summary B
In "D. B. Cooper: Legendary Skyjacker," we learn the exciting story of the world's most fearless thief. In 1971, a criminal who called himself D. B. Cooper hijacked a commercial airliner and secured $200,000 in ransom money before parachuting out of the plane. Cooper threatened to blow up the commercial airliner if his demands were not met, so FBI agents and police on the ground below scrambled to get money and parachutes to turn over to Cooper when the plane landed. I definitely think D. B. Cooper will never be found because his crime was so well planned.
Teachers and Students Win in Finland
By Monique Brown
(1) Compared to other countries, American kids do not measure up when it comes to their math and science skills. In fact, U.S. students are ranked 24th out of 34 countries, a rather sad statistic. Finland, on the other hand, is ranked second primarily because the way it treats its teachers leads to stronger student performance.
(2) Unlike the United States with its premade curriculum that teachers are forced to teach, the Finns believe that teachers should be the ones to decide what is taught in the classroom. Because they have creative power and their expertise is valued, Finns want to become teachers, which means there are many eager and talented people who want to be in the classroom. Many Finns aspire to be teachers; for example, in 2008, 1,258 undergrads applied for the elementary school teacher program, but only 123 (9.8%) were selected.
(3) The Finns also believe that teachers should be well trained and well paid. Teachers must earn a master’s degree. It is telling that the word for this degree is kasvatus, which also refers to a mother raising her child. Teachers work about 190 days a year and make between $40,000 and $60,000 for doing so.
Source: Santoso, Alex. “The Finnish Not-So-Secret Weapon for Top Notch Schools: Better Teachers.” Neatorama, 13 Apr. 2011, www.neatorama.com/2011/04/13/the-finnish-not-so-secret-weapon-for-top-notch-schools-better-teachers/.
The United States has an ineffective education system because students fail math and science.
Finnish teachers are highly paid professionals who love their job and teach only 190 days a year.
Finland has an effective education system because of the way it views its teachers.
Unlike the United States with its premade curriculum that teachers are forced to teach, the Finns believe that teachers should be the ones to decide what is taught in the classroom.
This degree is called a kasvatus, which is the same Finnish word used for a woman taking care of her child.
The Finns also believe that teachers should be well trained and well paid.
Because they have creative power and their expertise is valued, Finns want to become teachers, which means there are many eager and talented people who want to be in the classroom.
Summary A
According to Monique Brown, Finland's education system is better than America's. Teachers have to obtain a kasvatus degree, and they are paid between $40,000 and $60,000 each year. Every year, more than 1,000 students apply to teaching programs, but only 123 are accepted.
Summary B
In her article "Teachers and Students Win in Finland," Monique Brown explains that Finland has an effective education system because teachers receive competitive salaries and excellent training and they decide what to teach in their own classrooms.
12 . Distinguishing Paraphrase From Summary
A paraphrase from an outside source puts the information in the researcher’s own words, while following the order of the original text. A paraphrase includes the important details presented within the original text. Since it includes important details as well as key ideas, paraphrases of texts are often close to the length of the original. Paraphrased ideas are borrowed ideas, not your original thoughts, and consequently, they must be attributed to their owner, just as direct quotations are. In a summary, a researcher captures the key ideas of a source but often omits many of the supporting details. You might find it helpful to include a few direct quotations in your summary to retain the flavor of the original work. A summary is generally much shorter than the original text. Remember: Both paraphrased and summarized ideas must be attributed to their sources, even if you do not reproduce exact words or figures.
Directions: Read the excerpt from the essay. Then, decide whether the related piece of writing is a paraphrase or a summary and answer the questions that follow.
Original Text
For generations, scientists have studied animal behavior in order to determine which species most closely resemble humans in their mental processes and abilities. Primates, which share a close genetic tie with humans, show obvious similarities. Only recently, however, have scientists discovered that elephants can solve complex problems in the same way that people do.
At the National Zoo in Washington, DC, researchers conducted an experiment on a seven-year-old Asian elephant named Kandula. They placed a piece of fruit on a high branch just out of Kandula’s reach. He paused for several moments, appearing to think it over. Then, he walked several yards to a plastic cube, rolled it under the high branch, stepped on it, and grabbed the fruit. In subsequent experiments, Kandula used a tractor tire to accomplish the same goal. Researchers believe that Kandula’s actions show the very human characteristic of spontaneous insight. In other words, Kandula is able to mentally figure out the answer to a physical problem without going through the process of trial and error. They believe that he imagined the scenario before acting on it. Because the plastic cube was several yards away and out of sight, he must have imagined that it was the kind of tool he would need to reach the fruit before going to get it. Two other elephants underwent the same experiment but could not solve the problem. However, researchers think this may be because both elephants are much older than Kandula. It is also possible that Kandula is unusually intelligent.
—From Quincy, Brooke. “Elephant Intelligence.” Aplia Times, April 2012, p. 77.
Researcher’s Notes
In “Elephant Intelligence,” Brooke Quincy reports that scientists have just learned that elephants can work out problems in a human way. To figure this out, they used a seven-year-old Asian elephant from Washington DC’s National Zoo. The scientists tempted this elephant, named Kandula, with a piece of fruit that they placed high up in a tree. Because Kandula could not reach up and grab it, he had to find another way to get it. Kandula thought about the problem for a while, eventually deciding to stand on a plastic cube that was located inside his cage. Scientists tried this experiment multiple times, and in another trial, Kandula used a tractor tire to achieve the extra height he needed to reach the fruit. The term that scientists use for Kandula’s problem-solving technique is “spontaneous insight.” Humans practice spontaneous insight when they think about and solve a problem on the first try, without having to try many different solutions. Scientists tried this same experiment on two other elephants, but they both failed, probably because they were a lot older than Kandula. It is also possible that Kandula is just extremely smart for an elephant (77).
This researcher’s writing is a because it has the following characteristics. Check all that apply.
It is written in the researcher’s own words.
It provides a brief explanation of only the main ideas.
It follows the order of the sentences in the original text.
It is significantly shorter than the original text.
It includes important details.
The researcher did need the parenthetical documentation at the end of the notes.
Original Text
In the summer of 2012, three people died as a result of swimming. They did not drown, they were not bitten by alligators, nor were they victims of shark attacks. Rather, they were killed by the seemingly innocuous amoeba. The victims, including a nine-year-old Virginia boy and a sixteen-year-old Florida girl, were swimming in warm, stagnant waters when a single-celled organism entered through their nasal cavities. Then, disease researchers suspect that the amoeba crawled along their nerves to their brains, where the amoeba has food, heat, and moisture. Once in the brain, the amoeba uses its pseudopods to attach itself to a cell. Then, the amoeba cuts a hole in the cell wall, sapping its nutrients. Although this gruesome thought might tempt you to swear off summertime dips, don’t do so just yet; instead, take simple steps to avoid this deadly infection. First, choose cool or cold lakes and rivers for swimming. The brain-eating amoeba lives primarily in warm, slow-moving or still water. Also, swimmers should be wary of brackish waters where amoebas tend to multiply rapidly. Another way swimmers can avoid infection is by making a calm, feet-first entry. If you do not dive or jump, water is less likely to enter the nose. Remember, amoebas don’t prey on open nostrils; they prefer to live in nature, not in your brain. However, when a person cannonballs into the water, he or she can force infected water up into the nasal passages. Another preventative measure is using a nose clip to prevent water from entering the nose. Nose clips are inexpensive and widely available. A final option is for swimmers to use a chlorinated pool. The brain-eating amoeba cannot survive in water that has been treated with chlorine.
—From Braintree, Brooke. “How to Avoid the Deadly Brain-Eating Amoeba.” Aplia Times, March 2012, p. 46.
Researcher’s Notes
Brooke Braintree’s “How to Avoid the Deadly Brain-Eating Amoeba” discusses how an amoeba can infect the brain and presents four strategies to prevent it. The single-celled organism, known as the brain-eating amoeba, enters the nasal passages and can cause a fatal brain infection. First, Braintree recommends swimming in cold or cool lakes and rivers instead of warmer water. She also suggests that swimming calmly can keep water from splashing up into the nose. In addition, nose clips are an affordable and widely available tool to keep water from entering nostrils. Finally, Braintree confirms that the brain-eating amoeba cannot survive in water treated with chlorine, so swimming pools are safe (46).
It presents the key ideas but omits many of the details.
It includes many of the important details.
It is roughly as long or longer than the original.
The researcher did not need the parenthetical documentation at the end of the notes.
Many a rainforest expedition has led to the discovery of an extraordinary new plant or animal species. In the wilds of Indonesia, scientific explorers have recently identified nine new species of frogs. Large or small, webbed feet or toes, aquatic or land-dwelling, they all have one strange evolutionary adaptation in common: fangs. Oddly, their fangs are not teeth but bony growths that protrude from the frogs’ bottom jaws. As of now, scientists studying the fanged frogs can only guess the purpose of the fangs.
One theory claims that the mysterious bony protrusions may help the frogs ensnare food in swiftly flowing water. Many of the rivers on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi, where the frogs were discovered, have powerful currents. This could increase the difficulty of capturing fish and tadpoles. The fangs might help them seize passing prey. A second theory suggests that the frogs utilize their fangs as weapons against other fanged frogs in the pursuit of female mates or territory. For example, they may use their fangs in the same way that bulls use their horns against rival bulls, rushing headlong into a physical confrontation.
—From Shawmut, Brooke. “Newly Discovered: Indonesian Fanged Frogs.” Aplia Times, May 2012, p. 90.
Researcher’s Notes
According to Brooke Shawmut’s “Newly Discovered: Indonesian Fanged Frogs,” scientists exploring parts of Indonesia have observed nine new kinds of frogs with bony growths on their jaws that look like fangs, but they are unsure how the frogs use their fangs. One idea is that they use them to catch food. Another possibility is that they use them to fight other fanged frogs for mates or territory (90).
It includes many direct quotes to capture the information in the original.
The page number in parenthetical documentation at the end of the notes is not required since the author’s name and the title of the original text is given.
