HIEU 201 Quiz 15 The Reforging of Christendom solutions complete answers

HIEU 201 Quiz 15 The Reforging of Christendom solutions complete answers

 

Hidalgos were

          a. diplomats who negotiated with native peoples on behalf of the Spanish.     

          b. Spaniards who, with royal grants of authority, held power over natives in Spanish colonies.  

          c. anyone who had been given land grants in the New World.  

          d. lesser gentry who believed that holy war was a just means of acquiring wealth and power.

 

Columbus's discovery made Spain a wealthy and powerful nation, because

          a. the Spanish made use of the wealth of the New World to develop trade and industry at home.      

          b. he found a source of the precious spices that were in such great demand in Europe.         

          c. the Portuguese were displaced in the valuable trade with the East Indies.    

          d. those who followed him, like Cortés, found great quantities of precious metals.      

 

European expansion in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries was promoted by

          a. merchants who wished to increase their profits by eliminating the Muslim and Venetian middlemen. 

          b. a decline in population, which required the importation of large numbers of slaves from Africa and the Americas.        

          c. the secularization of society, which placed new emphasis on economic activity.       

          d. the greater cooperation that existed among nations that combined their efforts in exploration.      

 

Commercial development in Spain was inhibited by

          a. the Spanish value system that considered commerce and industry unworthy pursuits.        

          b. the low status attached to land ownership.  

          c. its tiny population relative to other countries.         

          d. limited consumer demand for manufactured goods.

 

Fifteenth- and sixteenth-century innovations in business methods included all of the following EXCEPT

          a. improved banking methods. 

          b. improved accounting methods.       

          c. the development of maritime insurance.      

          d. the development of international stock exchanges.

 

Convertible husbandry

          a. was limited to Western Europe, especially France and Spain. 

          b. was delayed in England because of the laws of primogeniture.        

          c. increased productivity, which was essential to later industrialization.  

          d. did not occur in the Netherlands because of the limited amount of land available for agriculture.    

 

The principal reason why France was not as well placed as England to benefit from commercial expansion was

          a. the more powerful army of England. 

          b. the aristocratic structure of French society.   

          c. religious division within French society.        

          d. the much larger population of England.

 

The traditional relationship between elite and folk cultures changed in the sixteenth century when

          a. the two became virtually indistinguishable because there was less economic difference between rich and poor.   

          b. the upper classes became frightened by the increasing numbers and radicalism of the poor. 

          c. the poor increasingly adopted the styles of the rich. 

          d. the ruling classes abandoned their aristocratic ways and began to enjoy the pleasures of the common people.

 

The development of capitalism was encouraged by

          a. primogeniture, which widely distributed existing wealth.      

          b. the growing influence of guilds on artisanal production.      

          c. Spanish treasure, which, when exported to other countries, provided capital for investment. 

          d. governments staying out of economic affairs in the spirit of free and private enterprise.      

 

Prince Henry the Navigator was associated with the expansion efforts of

          a. Portugal.      

          b. England.      

          c. Spain.         

          d. France.       

 

The high demand for armaments was sustained in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries by

          a. dynastic wars.         

          b. religious wars.        

          c. overseas expansion.  

          d. all of the above       

 

Thomas Mun was among the first Europeans to discern the virtues of

          a. paper money.          

          b. double-entry bookkeeping.  

          c. investment banking. 

          d. consumerism.         

 

The price revolution of the sixteenth century resulted primarily from

          a. a decline in population, resulting in a shortage of labor and a concomitant increase in wages.        

          b. a rise in population, causing shortages and a concomitant increase in the value of goods.   

          c. the debasement of money by debt-ridden governments.      

          d. the influx of precious metals from the New World, which drove down the price of goods.

 

The European traffic in African slaves

          a. was never as large as that carried on by Muslim states.       

          b. was dominated by the Portuguese from 1450 to 1600.        

          c. was dominated by the English from 1500 on. 

          d. never exceeded 10,000 people per year.

 

Francisco Pizarro was

          a. a church leader who argued for the forced conversion of all non-Christians. 

          b. a Portuguese philosopher who speculated on the question of the humanity of the Indians.  

          c. a Dominican friar who protested the brutal treatment of the Indians. 

          d. the Spanish conqueror of modern day Peru. 

 

The price revolution may have resulted partially from the influx of ________ from New Spain.

          a. silver 

          b. gold 

          c. sugar 

          d. spices         

 

The domestic system contributed to the growth of capitalism because it

          a. helped break down the old guild system that had prevailed in urban production.    

          b. ended distinctions between employers and employees.       

          c. relied on power machinery rather than work by hand.         

          d. was performed in urban factories rather than in the countryside.

 

Enclosure was the process by which

          a. the amount of land available for commercial use was limited by law. 

          b. traditional uses of commons were eliminated through enclosure of land previously held in common.          

          c. peasants resisted the efforts of landlords to impose new rents and fees.      

          d. agricultural and manufacturing operations were kept separate.       

 

The church's view of witchcraft was that

          a. there was no such thing, since there was no supernatural power except that of God. 

          b. witches must be put to death for the good of society, but they might achieve salvation if they recanted before execution.        

          c. witchcraft was a heresy or a spiritual crime only and was no business of the secular authorities.      

          d. women were less involved in witchcraft than men because they inherited the spiritual grace of the Virgin Mary.   

 

Over the centuries leading up to the early modern period

          a. elites had no connection to popular culture. 

          b. elites and common people evolved two competing cultures. 

          c. elites and common people had shared the same culture.     

          d. the common people had evolved a distinctive culture.