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PHIL 201 Quiz 4 Skepticism, Certainty and Virtue solutions complete answers
PHIL 201 Quiz 4 Skepticism, Certainty and Virtue solutions complete answers
W. K. Clifford believed that “It is wrong always, everywhere and for anyone, to believe anything upon insufficient evidence." Explain why his belief was logically self-defeating.
According to the presentation on skepticism, Descartes’ systematic doubt:
Explain the logical problem with W. K. Clifford’s belief that “It is wrong always, everywhere and for anyone, to believe anything upon insufficient evidence."
Which of the following is not one of Aristotle’s virtues mentioned by Dew & Foreman?
When we consider the way that our beliefs relate to each other, we are making a reference to
According to Kant, belief in God’s existence is a claim of metaphysical knowledge, and while he thinks we cannot have knowledge of such metaphysical claims, he, nevertheless, believes we have good reasons to believe in the existence of God because
Virtue epistemology generally focuses on being intellectually virtuous as opposed to being absolutely certain.
Your noetic structure concerns only those beliefs that are actually true.
1
By “high accessibility requirements” the internalist means:
2
The view in which the basing relationship between beliefs is deductive:
3
Rene Descartes was a:
4
According to externalism one must be aware of whether his cognitive processes are functioning properly or not.
5
Coherentism holds that some beliefs are more foundational than others.
6
For Aristotle, the “Golden Mean” points to fixed and universal ethical norms for all people to follow.
7
Thomas Aquinas thought that moral and intellectual virtues were closely related.
8
The virtue of studiousness does not take into account the proper kinds of motives for seeking knowledge.
9
Vices might be described as characteristics that are destructive in nature.
10
Discussions of vice and virtues tend to arise within which major area of philosophy?
11
What is the point of Descartes' evil demon argument?
12
According to Dew and Foreman, most rational people believe that it is extremely rarely for our senses to mislead us.
13
To suggest that we should suspend all judgments about any claim to knowledge, is to suggest a softer and mitigated form of skepticism in contrast to its more unmitigated expressions.
14
When Larry claims definitely and dogmatically that he knows we cannot know anything at all, he is expressing:
15
Among some of the reasons why unmitigated skepticism is difficult for a person to consistently hold as a serious philosophical position is because
16
Ginger believes that the dog she sees in her neighbor’s back yard is her own Labrador Retriever named Sam. Since there are no other Labrador Retrievers in the neighborhood fitting the same description as Sam, and since the dog Ginger sees in her neighbor’s yard seems to recognize Ginger’s voice when she calls out to it, Ginger quite naturally believes the dog in her neighbor’s back yard is her dog Sam. It turns out, however, that the dog in her neighbor’s back yard is in fact not Ginger’s dog but the Labrador of a visiting relative of her neighbor. On an internalist account of justification, since it turns out not to be true that Ginger saw her dog Sam in her neighbor’s back yard, Ginger was not justified in believing it was her own dog in the first place.
17
While Clifford’s form of evidentialism may have its difficulties, most contemporary epistemologists agree that it is, at the very least, not a selfdefeating position, and this is part of what makes it a good option for epistemic justification.
18
Select the one below that is NOT a difficulty with W.K. Clifford’s approach to evidentialism
19
My belief is a justified belief if and only if it is, in fact, a true belief.
20
Those holding to some form of externalism in rationality tend to argue that, since it is impossible for persons to have any cognitive access to the reasons and evidence that support some of a person’s beliefs, internalists cannot be right with respect to their account of justification for all beliefs.
· 1
The areas on knowledge that Descartes doubted include:
· 2
According to externalism one must be aware of whether his cognitive processes are functioning properly or not.
· 3
Coherentism holds that some beliefs are more foundational than others.
· 4
The answers to the skeptical challenge suggested in the pointecast presentation include:
· 5
Noetic structure refers to:
· 6
Humility helps us fight against intellectual vices like pride and vanity that keep us from seeing the truth.
· 7
Carefulness is an intellectual virtue that helps us:
· 8
For Aristotle, the “Golden Mean” points to fixed and universal ethical norms for all people to follow.
· 9
The intellectual virtue of humility can be described as the mean between:
· 10
·
Which is not one of the ways that Wood says moral and intellectual virtues parallel each other?
· 11
Hume thinks that, while we may assume connections of causality (i.e., every event has a cause), we never actually perceive a necessary connection of causality and therefore we cannot know a causal connection has actually occurred.
· 12
If skepticism is an indefensible philosophical position to hold, then by the process of elimination, epistemic certainty is the only reasonable alternative.
· 13
One of the factors that fuels skepticism is our inability to demonstrate epistemic certainty about many of the beliefs we think are true.
· 14
It is a commonly accepted fact that it is impossible to be certain about any belief
· 15
Those holding to some form of externalism in rationality tend to argue that, since it is impossible for persons to have any cognitive access to the reasons and evidence that support some of a person’s beliefs, internalists cannot be right with respect to their account of justification for all beliefs.
· 16
Ginger believes that the dog she sees in her neighbor’s back yard is her own
Labrador Retriever named Sam. Since there are no other Labrador Retrievers in the neighborhood fitting the same description as Sam, and since the dog Ginger sees in her neighbor’s yard seems to recognize Ginger’s voice when she calls out to it, Ginger quite naturally believes the dog in her neighbor’s back yard is her dog Sam. It turns out, however, that the dog in her neighbor’s back yard is in fact not Ginger’s dog but the Labrador of a visiting relative of her neighbor. On an internalist account of justification, since it turns out not to be true that Ginger saw her dog Sam in her neighbor’s back yard, Ginger was not justified in believing it was her own dog in the first place.
· 17
If a person thinks she has a moral responsibility to determine that any belief she holds is based on sufficient evidence, that is, evidence that strikes her as being based on indisputably good reasons or arguments, she is likely representing the epistemological position of
· 18
The problem with W. K. Clifford’s statement “It is wrong always, everywhere and
for anyone, to believe anything upon insufficient evidence” is that:
1
Christopher Columbus was convinced that he discovered a route to the East Indies because it lined up with his maps and the current beliefs of his day. However, he was wrong. This example demonstrates a problem with:
2
Noetic structure refers to:
3
The doxastic assumption is:
4
According to externalism one must be aware of whether his cognitive processes are functioning properly or not.
5
The areas on knowledge that Descartes doubted include:
6
Discussions of vice and virtues tend to arise within which major area of philosophy?
7
Vices might be described as characteristics that are destructive in nature.
8
Intellectual virtue is best described as:
9
Thomas Aquinas thought that moral and intellectual virtues were closely related.
10
Being intellectually virtuous helps us to avoid common mistakes in our thinking that keeps us from knowledge.
11
When the used car salesman tells Steve that the particular car he is considering purchasing has less than fifteen thousand actual miles on it, Steve is, quite naturally, a bit skeptical about this claim, particularly since the car is over ten years old and looks a little worse for wear. In exhibiting this level of doubt, Steve is expressing:
12
When Descartes employs systematic doubt against the beliefs he holds, he discovers that:
13
According to Dew and Foreman, most rational people believe that it is extremely rarely for our senses to mislead us.
14
Which of the following is NOT commonly given by philosophers as a reason for adopting some form of skepticism:
15
To say that it is impossible to have knowledge is itself a claim to knowledge, and is for that reason a selfdefeating assertion.
16
Select the one below that is NOT a difficulty with W.K. Clifford’s approach to evidentialism
17
Externalism in epistemology is an approach to rationality which argues that
18
While Clifford’s form of evidentialism may have its difficulties, most contemporary epistemologists agree that it is, at the very least, not a selfdefeating position, and this is part of what makes it a good option for epistemic justification.
19
Ginger believes that the dog she sees in her neighbor’s back yard is her own Labrador Retriever named Sam. Since there are no other Labrador Retrievers in the neighborhood fitting the same description as Sam, and since the dog Ginger sees in her neighbor’s yard seems to recognize Ginger’s voice when she calls out to it, Ginger quite naturally believes the dog in her neighbor’s back yard is her dog Sam. It turns out, however, that the dog in her neighbor’s back yard is in fact not Ginger’s dog but the Labrador of a visiting relative of her neighbor. On an internalist account of justification, since it turns out not to be true that Ginger saw her dog Sam in her neighbor’s back yard, Ginger was not justified in believing it was her own dog in the first place.
20
Those holding to some form of externalism in rationality tend to argue that, since it is impossible for persons to have any cognitive access to the reasons and evidence that support some of a person’s beliefs, internalists cannot be right with respect to their account of justification for all beliefs.
1
When considering our noetic structure we recognize that we hold beliefs in varying degrees of strength.
2
The motivation behind externalism is:
3
Coherentism holds that some beliefs are more foundational than others.
4
According to externalism one must be aware of whether his cognitive processes are functioning properly or not.
5
The view in which the basing relationship between beliefs is deductive:
6
Intellectual virtue is best described as:
7
Aristotle thought that the virtues are present naturally in all people.
8
The intellectual virtue of humility can be described as the mean between:
9
Vices might be described as characteristics that are destructive in nature.
10
Discussions of vice and virtues tend to arise within which major area of philosophy?
11
When Larry claims definitely and dogmatically that he knows we cannot know anything at all, he is expressing:
12
According to Dew and Foreman, most rational people believe that it is extremely rarely for our senses to mislead us.
13
One of the factors that fuels skepticism is our inability to demonstrate epistemic certainty about many of the beliefs we think are true.
14
If skepticism is an indefensible philosophical position to hold, then by the process of elimination, epistemic certainty is the only reasonable alternative.
15
Robert is a scientist who firmly believes in empirical truths and the physical laws of causality (e.g. when he builds a fire in his fireplace, it will produce heat), but he expresses serious reservations about the rational credibility of whether there are objective moral virtues, such as goodness, or whether such a being as the traditional God of theism does in fact exist. In such a case, Robert is expressing a form of
16
Coherentism in epistemology is a position which holds that a particular belief is justified for a person so long as that belief is consistent with everything else that person holds to be true.
17
Those holding to some form of externalism in rationality tend to argue that, since it is impossible for persons to have any cognitive access to the reasons and evidence that support some of a person’s beliefs, internalists cannot be right with respect to their account of justification for all beliefs.
18
Suppose a person is deeply concerned about whether her belief in God is rational. In order to make this determination, she reflects on the kind of evidence she thinks she has for God’s existence (e.g., the apparent design and beauty of the universe, the existence of other sentient beings, the almost universal acceptance of some degree of objective morality, etc.). In light of her awareness of, and access to, this potential evidence, she would be considered:
19
If Jacob thinks there is overwhelming evidence for the existence of God, especially in light of what he thinks is the apparent design and fine‑tuning of the universe, but John claims that the obvious existence of evil argues against the rationality of Jacob’s belief in the existence of God, then John has
20
Coherentism is a position in epistemic justification which holds that
1
According to externalism one must be aware of whether his cognitive processes are functioning properly or not.
2
Coherentism holds that some beliefs are more foundational than others.
3
The motivation behind internalism is:
4
The motivation behind externalism is:
It seems intuitively to be the way we normally form beliefs
5
The answers to the skeptical challenge suggested in the pointecast presentation include:
6
Aristotle said that virtue is the “mean between two vices, one of excess and one of deficiency.”
7
Carefulness is an intellectual virtue that helps us:
8
Virtue epistemologists think that intellectual virtues might helps us with the Gettier problem by:
9
Aristotle’s notion of happiness focused on:
10
The intellectual virtue of studiousness leads one to seek knowledge with the right kind of motives and desires.
11
When Descartes employs systematic doubt against the beliefs he holds, he discovers that:
12
Rather than having certainty about our beliefs, it is more likely that we have varying degrees of rational support for our beliefs.
13
One reason why certainty in knowledge is not likely a reasonable alternative to unmitigated skepticism is because
14
Among some of the reasons why unmitigated skepticism is difficult for a person to consistently hold as a serious philosophical position is because
15
Sextus Empiricus adopted a version of Pyhrro’s skepticism mainly because he believed that
16
While Clifford’s form of evidentialism may have its difficulties, most contemporary epistemologists agree that it is, at the very least, not a selfdefeating position, and this is part of what makes it a good option for epistemic justification.
17
If Jacob thinks there is overwhelming evidence for the existence of God, especially in light of what he thinks is the apparent design and finetuning of the universe, but John claims that the obvious existence of evil argues against the rationality of Jacob’s belief in the existence of God, then John has
18
Coherentism is a position in epistemic justification which holds that
19
Select the one below that does NOT belong : The justification of one’s beliefs is a matter that deals with
20
Ginger believes that the dog she sees in her neighbor’s back yard is her own Labrador Retriever named Sam. Since there are no other Labrador Retrievers in the neighborhood fitting the same description as Sam, and since the dog Ginger sees in her neighbor’s yard seems to recognize Ginger’s voice when she calls out to it, Ginger quite naturally believes the dog in her neighbor’s back yard is her dog Sam. It turns out, however, that the dog in her neighbor’s back yard is in fact not Ginger’s dog but the Labrador of a visiting relative of her neighbor. On an internalist account of justification, since it turns out not to be true that Ginger saw her dog Sam in her neighbor’s back yard, Ginger was not justified in believing it was her own dog in the first place.
1 The areas on knowledge that Descartes doubted include:
2 Clifford was a:
3 Karen says she doesn’t believe that you can ever have real knowledge. When asked if she claims to know that as a fact, she says no, but she believes that is the case. What category would you place her in:
4 A major criticism that internalism raises against externalism is:
5 David Hume was a:
6 Thomas Aquinas thought that moral and intellectual virtues were closely related.
7 For Aristotle, the “Golden Mean” points to fixed and universal ethical norms for all people to follow.
8 Intellectual courage helps us to:
9 Being intellectually virtuous helps us to avoid common mistakes in our thinking that keeps us from knowledge.
10 Aristotle thought that the virtues are present naturally in all people.
11 If skepticism is an indefensible philosophical position to hold, then by the process of elimination, epistemic certainty is the only reasonable alternative.
12 Robert is a scientist who firmly believes in empirical truths and the physical laws of causality (e.g. when he builds a fire in his fireplace, it will produce heat), but he expresses serious reservations about the rational credibility of whether there are objective moral virtues, such as goodness, or whether such a being as the traditional God of theism does in fact exist. In such a case, Robert is expressing a form of
13 To suggest that we should suspend all judgments about any claim to knowledge, is to suggest a softer and mitigated form of skepticism in contrast to its more unmitigated expressions.
14 When Descartes employs systematic doubt against the beliefs he holds, he discovers that:
15 Among some of the reasons why unmitigated skepticism is difficult for a person to consistently hold as a serious philosophical position is because
16 If Jacob thinks there is overwhelming evidence for the existence of God, especially in light of what he thinks is the apparent design and finetuning of the universe, but John claims that the obvious existence of evil argues against the rationality of Jacob’s belief in the existence of God, then John has
17 If an individual is an externalist in terms of epistemic warrant, then that person thinks that
18 Select the one below that is NOT a difficulty with W.K. Clifford’s approach to evidentialism
19 Ginger believes that the dog she sees in her neighbor’s back yard is her own Labrador Retriever named Sam. Since there are no other Labrador Retrievers in the neighborhood fitting the same description as Sam, and since the dog Ginger sees in her neighbor’s yard seems to recognize Ginger’s voice when she calls out to it, Ginger quite naturally believes the dog in her neighbor’s back yard is her dog Sam. It turns out, however, that the dog in her neighbor’s back yard is in fact not Ginger’s dog but the Labrador of a visiting relative of her neighbor. On an internalist account of justification, since it turns out not to be true that Ginger saw her dog Sam in her neighbor’s back yard, Ginger was not justified in believing it was her own dog in the first place.
20 While Clifford’s form of evidentialism may have its difficulties, most contemporary epistemologists agree that it is, at the very least, not a selfdefeating position, and this is part of what makes it a good option for epistemic justification.
1 Coherentism holds that some beliefs are more foundational than others.
2 A major criticism that internalism raises against externalism is:
3 Clifford was a:
4 When considering our noetic structure we recognize that we hold beliefs in varying degrees of strength.
5 To say that a belief is defeasible is to say;
6 The intellectual virtue of humility can be described as the mean between:
7 For Aristotle, the “Golden Mean” points to fixed and universal ethical norms for all people to follow.
8 Aristotle thought that the virtues are present naturally in all people.
9 Which is not one of the ways that Wood says moral and intellectual virtues parallel each other?
10 Being intellectually virtuous helps us to avoid common mistakes in our thinking that keeps us from knowledge.
11 Rather than having certainty about our beliefs, it is more likely that we have varying degrees of rational support for our beliefs.
12 According to Dew and Foreman, most rational people believe that it is extremely rarely for our senses to mislead us.
13 When the used car salesman tells Steve that the particular car he is considering purchasing has less than fifteen thousand actual miles on it, Steve is, quite naturally, a bit skeptical about this claim, particularly since the car is over ten years old and looks a little worse for wear. In exhibiting this level of doubt, Steve is expressing:
14 Hume thinks that, while we may assume connections of causality (i.e., every event has a cause), we never actually perceive a necessary connection of causality and therefore we cannot know a causal connection has actually occurred.
15 One of the factors that fuels skepticism is our inability to demonstrate epistemic certainty about many of the beliefs we think are true.
16 Select the one below that is NOT a difficulty with W.K. Clifford’s approach to evidentialism
17 Coherentism in epistemology is a position which holds that a particular belief is justified for a person so long as that belief is consistent with everything else that person holds to be true.
18 If an individual is an externalist in terms of epistemic warrant, then that person thinks that
19 Those holding to some form of externalism in rationality tend to argue that, since it is impossible for persons to have any cognitive access to the reasons and evidence that support some of a person’s beliefs, internalists cannot be right with respect to their account of justification for all beliefs.
20 According to reliabilism, in order for a person’s belief to be rational, that person must at least:
1 Christopher Columbus was convinced that he discovered a route to the East Indies because it lined up with his maps and the current beliefs of his day. However, he was wrong. This example demonstrates a problem with:
2 The doxastic assumption is:
3 When considering our noetic structure we recognize that we hold beliefs in varying degrees of strength.
4 By “high accessibility requirements” the internalist means:
5 The areas on knowledge that Descartes doubted include:
6 Intellectual courage helps us to:
7 Which is not one of the ways that Wood says moral and intellectual virtues parallel each other?
8 Carefulness is an intellectual virtue that helps us:
9 Discussions of vice and virtues tend to arise within which major area of philosophy?
10 For Aristotle, the “Golden Mean” points to fixed and universal ethical norms for all people to follow.
11 One of the factors that fuels skepticism is our inability to demonstrate epistemic certainty about many of the beliefs we think are true.
12 If Robert thinks that the only way in this world for a person to know whether God exists is to have some kind of sensory experience of God, along with an active mind that is able to process, structure and arrange ones experiences in a way that makes sense to him, then Robert would be following Kant in thinking that:
13 Rather than having certainty about our beliefs, it is more likely that we have varying degrees of rational support for our beliefs.
14 Hume thinks that, while we may assume connections of causality (i.e., every event has a cause), we never actually perceive a necessary connection of causality and therefore we cannot know a causal connection has actually occurred.
15 When Descartes employs systematic doubt against the beliefs he holds, he discovers that:
16 According to reliabilism, in order for a person’s belief to be rational, that person must at least:
17 If an individual is an externalist in terms of epistemic warrant, then that person thinks that
18 Select the one below that does NOT belong: To suggest that a person’s approach to justification is internalist is to suggest that
19 Select the one below that is NOT a difficulty with W.K. Clifford’s approach to evidentialism
20 It is a commonly accepted fact that it is impossible to be certain about any belief
1 By “high accessibility requirements” the internalist means:
2 To say that a belief is defeasible is to say;
3 Coherentism holds that some beliefs are more foundational than others.
4 David Hume was a:
5 The doxastic assumption is:
6 Thomas Aquinas thought that moral and intellectual virtues were closely related.
7 Aristotle’s notion of happiness focused on:
8 Humility helps us fight against intellectual vices like pride and vanity that keep us from seeing the truth.
9 Being intellectually virtuous helps us to avoid common mistakes in our thinking that keeps us from knowledge.
10 Virtue epistemologists think that intellectual virtues might helps us with the Gettier problem by:
11 To suggest that we should suspend all judgments about any claim to knowledge, is to suggest a softer and mitigated form of skepticism in contrast to its more unmitigated expressions.
12 Rather than having certainty about our beliefs, it is more likely that we have varying degrees of rational support for our beliefs.
13 When the used car salesman tells Steve that the particular car he is considering purchasing has less than fifteen thousand actual miles on it, Steve is, quite naturally, a bit skeptical about this claim, particularly since the car is over ten years old and looks a little worse for wear. In exhibiting this level of doubt, Steve is expressing:
14 If skepticism is an indefensible philosophical position to hold, then by the process of elimination, epistemic certainty is the only reasonable alternative.
15 What is the point of Descartes' evil demon argument?
16 Those holding to some form of externalism in rationality tend to argue that, since it is impossible for persons to have any cognitive access to the reasons and evidence that support some of a person’s beliefs, internalists cannot be right with respect to their account of justification for all beliefs.
17 If Jacob thinks there is overwhelming evidence for the existence of God, especially in light of what he thinks is the apparent design and finetuning of the universe, but John claims that the obvious existence of evil argues against the rationality of Jacob’s belief in the existence of God, then John has
18 Select the one below that does NOT belong: To suggest that a person’s approach to justification is internalist is to suggest that
19 If a person thinks she has a moral responsibility to determine that any belief she holds is based on sufficient evidence, that is, evidence that strikes her as being based on indisputably good reasons or arguments, she is likely representing the epistemological position of
20 Select the one below that is NOT a difficulty with W.K. Clifford’s approach to evidentialism
1
Those holding to some form of externalism in rationality tend to argue that, since it is impossible for persons to have any cognitive access to the reasons and evidence that support some of a person’s beliefs, internalists cannot be right with respect to their account of justification for all beliefs.
2
While Clifford’s form of evidentialism may have its difficulties, most contemporary epistemologists agree that it is, at the very least, not a selfdefeating position, and this is part of what makes it a good option for epistemic justification.
3
Externalism in epistemology is an approach to rationality which argues that
4
Ginger believes that the dog she sees in her neighbor’s back yard is her own Labrador Retriever named Sam. Since there are no other Labrador Retrievers in the neighborhood fitting the same description as Sam, and since the dog Ginger sees in her neighbor’s yard seems to recognize Ginger’s voice when she calls out to it, Ginger quite naturally believes the dog in her neighbor’s back yard is her dog Sam. It turns out, however, that the dog in her neighbor’s back yard is in fact not Ginger’s dog but the Labrador of a visiting relative of her neighbor. On an internalist account of justification, since it turns out not to be true that Ginger saw her dog Sam in her neighbor’s back yard, Ginger was not justified in believing it was her own dog in the first place.
5
Select the one below that does NOT belong: The justification of one’s beliefs is a matter that deals with
6
The internalist in terms of epistemic justification thinks that
7
Hume thinks that, while we may assume connections of causality (i.e., every event has a cause), we never actually perceive a necessary connection of causality and therefore we cannot know a causal connection has actually occurred.
8
The one below that it NOT a reason Hume argued against the principle of causality:
9
One of the factors that fuels skepticism is our inability to demonstrate epistemic certainty about many of the beliefs we think are true.
10
Sextus Empiricus adopted a version of Pyhrro’s skepticism mainly because he believed that
11
To say that it is impossible to have knowledge is itself a claim to knowledge, and is for that reason a selfdefeating assertion.
12
One of the philosophical benefits of skepticism is that
13
A major criticism that internalism raises against externalism is:
14
To say that a belief is defeasible is to say:
15
The motivation behind externalism is:
16
When considering our noetic structure we recognize that we hold beliefs in varying degrees of strength.
17
According to externalism, there is really no way to test if one’s memories are reliable, but, in the absence of defeaters, one is reasonable in holding that they are.
18
Coherentism holds that some beliefs are more foundational than others.
19
Coherentism holds that some beliefs are more foundational than others.
20
Kant said that belief in God's existence is a claim of metaphysical knowledge, and that we cannot have knowledge of such metaphysical claims. At the same time he said there is good reason to believe in the existence of God. What was his reason?
